Basic Linux Command

Basic Linux Command : Here are some basic command of Linux with example. Everyone working on Linux should have knowledge of these commands.

Command	Example/ Description
cat	Sends file contents to standard output. This is a way to list the contents of short files to the screen.
$cat  file1	Sends the contents of the " file1 " file to the screen.
cd	Change directory
$cd /home	Change the current working directory to /home. The '/' indicates relative to root, and no matter what directory you are in when you execute this command, the directory will be changed to "/home".
$cd httpd	Change the current working directory to httpd, relative to the current location which is "/home". The full path of the new working directory is "/home/httpd".
$cd ..	Move to the parent directory of the current directory. This command will make the current working directory "/home.
$cd ~	Move to the user's home directory which is "/home/username". The '~' indicates the users home directory.
cp	Copy files
$cp myfile yourfile	Copy the files "myfile" to the file "yourfile" in the current working directory. This command will create the file "yourfile" if it doesn't exist. It will normally overwrite it without warning if it exists.
$cp -i myfile yourfile	With the "-i" option, if the file "yourfile" exists, you will be prompted before it is overwritten.
$cp -i /data/myfile .	Copy the file "/data/myfile" to the current working directory (. indicates current working directory) and name it "myfile". Prompt before overwriting the file.
$cp -dpr srcdir destdir	Copy all files from the directory "srcdir" to the directory "destdir" preserving links (-d option), file attributes (-p option), and copy recursively (-r option). With these options, a directory and all it contents can be copied to another directory.
dd	Disk duplicate. The man page says this command is to "Convert and copy a file", but although used by more advanced users, it can be a very handy command. The "if" means input file, "of" means output file.
dd	dd if=/dev/hdb1 of=/backup/
df	Show the amount of disk space used on each mounted filesystem.
less	Allows file contents or piped output to be sent to the screen one page at a time, but the user can page up and down through the file.
ln	Creates a symbolic link to a file.
$ln -s test symlink	Creates a symbolic link named symlink that points to the file test Typing "ls -i test symlink" will show the two files are different with different inodes. Typing "ls -l test symlink" will show that symlink points to the file test.
locate	Searching for file.
$slocate -u	This command builds the slocate database. It will take several minutes to complete this command. This command must be used before searching for files, however cron runs this command periodically on most systems.
$locate whereis	Lists all files whose names contain the string "whereis".
$logout	Logs the current user off the system.
ls	List files
$ls	List files in the current working directory except those starting with . and only show the file name.
$ls -al	List all files in the current working directory in long listing format showing permissions, ownership, size, and time and date stamp
more	Allows file contents or piped output to be sent to the screen one page at a time.
$more /etc/profile	Lists the contents of the "/etc/profile" file to the screen one page at a time.
$ls -al |more	Performs a directory listing of all files and pipes the output of the listing through more. If the directory listing is longer than a page, it will be listed one page at a time.
mv	Move or rename files
$mv -i myfile yourfile	Move the file from "myfile" to "yourfile". This effectively changes the name of "myfile" to "yourfile".
$mv -i /data/myfile .	Move the file from "myfile" from the directory "/data" to the current working directory.
$pwd	Show the name of the current working directory
reboot	Restart the system.
shutdown	Shuts the system down.
shutdown -h now	Shuts the system down to halt immediately.
shutdown -r now	Shuts the system down immediately and the system reboots.
whereis	Show where the binary, source and manual page files are for a command
whereis ls	Locates binaries and manual pages for the ls command.

 Linux File System                                                                                ls command in Linux